Ceramic Printed Glass

What is Ceramic Printed Glass?

Ceramic Printed glass also called Silk Screened glass has gained wide-spread for decoration and masking on building interior and exterior facades. Ceramic printing on glass is done with special enamels which are applied to glass before it is tempered. During the heating process in tempering or bending, this enamel fuses into the glass and becomes a monolithic construction.

This is as permanent as any printed ceramic like crockery at your home and all technical characteristics are same as that of unprinted glass. It is life long and does not deteriorate with weather, detergents, normal acids or alkali. The methods of applying these enamels before tempering are roller coating, screen printing, spray printing & direct on glass digital printing

Screen printed Glass:

Roller Coated Printed Glass:

Patterned Glass is a decorative and translucent glass with figures
or patterns on one or both surfaces of glass. In addition to
diffusing light and obstructing visibility from the outside, the
figures soften the interior lighting. It is manufactured by a
method similar to float glass wherein the molten glass is passed
through rollers instead of floating on a molten tin bath. These metallic rollers are engraved with some patterns
or designs, which are cast into the formed glass and can be used
in most applications for lighting but no see through. This type
of glass is usually more brittle or fragile and less convenient to
clean.

Digitally Printed Glass:

 To know more about digital printing click on the link below & see project gallery and movie gallery www.dip-tech.com

Ceramic printing on glass is done with special enamels which are applied to 
glass before it is tempered. During the heating process in tempering or
bending, this enamel fuses into the glass and becomes a monolithic
construction. It is thus, a permanent printing or coating and has all technical
/ mechanical characteristics of the unprinted glass. It is life long and does not
deteriorate with weather, detergents, normal acids or alkalis. The enamels
used are made of glass frit but the printed process is borrowed from printing
on ceramics, like bathroom tiles and crockery used at home.
The common methods of applying the enamel are :
1. Roller Coating : is best for printing solid colors and for applying only one
color.
2. Screen printing with ceramic frit: Is suitable for solid colors and normal 
patterns like dots, squares, checks or lines in single color with repetitive
designs.

3. Direct on glass Ceramic Digital Printing: It is better suited when the
printing design varies or changes from glass to glass and the final effect
required is one large image achieved by tiling of various glasses to make one
continuous image.
Certain areas of application make it important to mask a part or whole of glass for
privacy or hiding the background or enhancing the look of a product or for purely
aesthetical reasons. Silk screening was initially used in automobile windscreens
and backlite borders to hide the silicone smudges. It was then used in domestic
appliances. Lately it has been used in buildings, in curtainwalls, point fixed or
bolted glazing systems, shower installations, glass doors and partitions. The size, density and colour would
determine the opacity and shading, whereas the variety of dots, squares, checks and patterns will give many
design combinations to achieve the desired effect. There are however limitations on color choices, designs and
sizes, which may be confirmed before designing.
Ceramic printed or fritted glass is very safe and durable for architectural use for external and internal glazing
but is essentially a tempered glass, which has to be ordered to specific size and shape. Since it is processed at very
high temperature of about 7000C, there is a limitation on colors and brightness and is
not same as normal paints but is economic and technically sound option.

Kaca Lengkung (Bending Glass)

Heat Soaked Glass

What is Heat Soaked Glass?

Tempering process increases the strength of glass many folds, offering a greater resistance to breakage. However, the raw materials used in the manufacturing of tempered glass are not free from certain defects namely Nickel Sulfide inclusions, which put tempered glass at potential risk of spontaneous breakage. The amount and size of these inclusions vary from glass to glass.

NiS inclusions change their structure & volume during the heating process of tempering. This changed state is ‘Trapped’ during the quenching process. So at room temperature, the NiS inclusions tend to change back to their original state, which having bigger volume, cause spontaneous breakage. This changing back of state could happen in a few minutes to a few years, making it unpredictable when tempered glass may break.

At GSC, we realize the implications of spontaneous tempered glass fracture and the much inconvenience caused. Therefore the concept of heat soaking is defined as the transfer of potential onsite breakage to breakage in the factory under a controlled process of accelerating the inversion of the nickel sulfide inclusions to their low temperature phase. In all probability, the glasses that have NiS inclusions, will break during this heat soaking process.

While heat soaking does not guarantee, that breakage will be completely eliminated in installed tempered glass, which reduces the chances drastically studies have been conducted world-wide indicating the reliability of heat soak test to as high as 98.5%.

All fully tempered as well as heat strengthened glasses for a project can be heat soaked in our heat soak oven.

Where to Use Heat Soaked Glass?

Tempering process increases the strength of glass many folds, offering a greater resistance
to breakage. However the raw-material used in the manufacture of tempered glass is not
free certain defects including Nickel Sulfide inclusions, which put tempered glass at
potential vary from glass to glass. It has been a challenge for the float glass manufacturers
to produce a glass free from nickel sulphide (NiS) inclusions.
NiS inclusions change their structure and volume during
the heating process of tempering. This changed state is
‘trapped’ during the quenching process. So at room
temperature, the NiS inclusions tend to change back to
their original state, which having bigger volume, cause
spontaneous breakage. This changing back of state could
happen in a few minutes to a few years, making it
unpredictable when the tempered glass may break.
NiS inclusions change their structure and volume during the heating process of tempering.
This changed state is ‘trapped’ during the quenching process. So at room temperature, the
NiS inclusions tend to change back to their original state, which having bigger volume,
cause spontaneous breakage. This changing back of state could happen in a few minutes to
a few years, making it unpredictable when the tempered glass may break.
We realize the implications of spontaneous Tempered glass fracture and the much
inconvenience caused. Therefore the concept of heat-soaking is defined as the transfer of
potential on-site breakage to breakage in the factory under a controlled process of
accelerating the inversion of the nickel sulfide inclusions to their low temperature phase. In
all probability, the glasses that have NiS inclusions will break during this heat soaking
process.
While heat-soaking does not guarantee that breakage will be completely eliminated in
installed tempered glass, it reduces the chances drastically.
All fully tempered as well as heat strengthened glasses for a project can be heat-soaked in
heat-soak oven.
Precautions :
Heat Soak Testing is not an absolute guarantee that the glass will not break spontaneously
due to NiS but it substantially lowers the risk. Studies have been concluded worldwide
indicating the reliability of heat soak test to as high as 98.5%.

Heat Strengthened Glass

Heat strengthened glass is a semi tempered glass, which has been strengthened thermally by inducing a surface compression of 6000 to 9000 psi as compared to a range of 11000 to 20000 psi in case of fully tempered glass. It is two times stronger than annealed glass. Though it is not considered to be a safety glass, it is widely used on building facades due to better optics.


Proses:
Trutuf heat strengthened glass is made on state of the art electrically heated horizontal furnace, which heats the glass to an uniform temperature of approximately 660ºC. Ceramic rolls convey the glass through these furnace at speeds regulated to ensure temperature uniformity and minimal optics distortions. The heat strengthened process parallels the traditional process of glass tempering, except that the heating temperature are lower and the cooling cycle is less rapid. During production, non-destructive verification of the range of stresses is done by using grazing angle surface polarimeter to ensure the right surface compression.


Karakteristik:

• Strength : Two times more stronger than basic float glass.
• High Thermal Shock Strength : Can withstand temperature differentials up to 130ºC.
• Safety : Will break into small, relatively harmless fragments. This substantially reduces the likelihood of injury to people as there are no jagged edges or sharp corners.
• Light and Heat transmission properties : Do not change due to tempering and remain the same as in unprocessed glass unless laminated or double glazed.
• Alterations : Tempered glass cannot be further cut, ground, drilled or worked upon. All these processes are completed prior to its tempering, in accordance with your drawings, sizes or templates.

Aplikasi:

Heat Strengthened glass is best suited for spandrel and vision panels of curtain walls and structural glazing as it safeguards against thermal breakages providing better optics than fully tempered glass provided the calculations on wind loading are within safe limits.

It is ideal for making laminated glass panels for safety combined with strength.

It is also used in complex glass combinations like – double glazed with one lite of laminated glass, pool sides, pool bottoms and aquariums etc

Precaution:

The glass cannot be cut or drilled after heat strengthening. Any field alterations including edge grinding, sand blasting or acid etching may cause premature failure.

Optics : As can be expected with any heat treated glass, bow, warp, process and roller waves distortion may be evident. This is an inherent characteristics of the manufacturing process and is within the limits set by ASTM Standard C-1048 or DIN 1249 Part 12. Optics in heat strengthened glass is generally better than fully tempered glass.

However, there are many applications where heat-strengthened glass is not sufficient, fully tempered glass is still the only option.

Availability:

Heat strengthened glass is similar to tempered glass except that after heating the glass in a furnace as in the case of tempered glass, the cooling is done at a much slower pace.
The heating temperature remains nearly the same for both processes. The residual stress on the edge and the glass surface differ in both cases with tempered glass having a
higher level of stress. Tempered Glass Breakage Pattern Heat Strengthened Glass Breakage Pattern Due to the relatively lower rate of cooling during the strengthening process, heat strengthened glass develops less stress as compared to fully tempered glass.

Characteristics of Heat Strengthened Glass:

Strength: The process increases the mechanical and thermal
strength of heat strengthened glass, making it twice as tough
as annealed glass but nearly half of fully tempered glass.
However, its breakage characteristic is similar to annealed
glass, which means that it breaks down into sharp pieces like
ordinary glass even though it has been put through the heat
strengthening process.
Optics: Heat strengthened glass has a comparatively flatter
finish than fully tempered glass. It therefore has lesser
optical distortions and so can be used in places where high
optical quality is required.
View in the Furnace
Safety: It can be used for general glazing where additional strength or resistance to mechanical/thermal
strength is desired. The glass can also be used in high wind load areas, but cannot be used in any safety glazing
applications. As Heat Strengthened glass breaks in a manner similar to that of float glass, the fragments tends to
remain in the sashes, having less probability of fallout as compared to tempered glass. In comparison with
tempered glass, heat strengthened glass is not easily broken spontaneously.
High Thermal Shock Strength : Heat Strengthened Glass will resist temperature difference of up to
approximately 130°C.

Kaca Insulated (Insulated Glass Unit - IGU)

Kaca Insulated juga sering dikenal sebagai kaca Double Glazing,

Insulation : Saves on heating and cooling by reducing air to air heat transfer.

Dew Condensation : There is no dew formation on the glass surface permitting a clear view even in the most humid conditions.

Sound Transmission : Using one of the panes as laminated glass will drastically reduce sound transmission. Using dissimilar thickness of glass panes will also help combat noise. Replacing air with suitable gas will also reduce sound transfer.

Comfort : It offers increased personal comfort even when seated next to the glazing as the temperature of the inner pane is close to room temperature maintained.

Aplikasi:

Office buildings, hospitals, hotels, houses and buildings with heating or cooling requirements.

For use in airport control towers, train windows and other environments that need regulated atmosphere and prevention of condensation.

Airports and buildings near highways and railways, that require sound insulation properties.

Precautions:

Regardless of edge construction, the insulating edge seal can’t be exposed to moisture for prolonged time periods.

Consideration must be given to weep holes or other alternate methods which will ensure dry framing cavity.

Distortion can occur in insulating glass units from changes in temperature, barometric pressure and altitude and is not cause for rejection. Distortion may also be more apparent in reflective insulating glass units. The amount of distortion can vary among the available coatings. When viewed at sharp angles, insulating glass may exhibit as surface distortion similar to an oil stain. This condition is a characteristic of flat surface of the float glass and is commonly referred to as “Jamin fringes”.

Availability:

Insulated glass is a prefabricated unit made of two or more glass panes, which have been separated by an air gap
and edge-sealed together. This is also known as double glazed unit (DGU) or Insulated Glass unit (IGU). The
two panes of glass are kept separated by a hollow aluminium tube spacer filled with a moisture absorbing
material (desiccant) and is hermetically sealed to ensure that the air or gas in the cavity or hollow space between
the two glass panes does not escape during hot climate, or outside air is not sucked in during winter or cold
climate as a result of expansion & contraction of trapped dry air or gas due to change in temperature. This edge
seal not only binds the individual sheets of glass together to maintain the mechanical strength of the joint but
also protects the space between the glasses from outside influences. The air enclosed between the two glass
panes is dried with a desiccant. Because of the low heat conductivity of the enclosed dry air between the glass
panes, heat transmission through the window is drastically reduced. The sealants delay the moisture getting
into the air space and the desiccant absorbs the moisture coming through the seal and during the
manufacturing process. Insulated glass can also be made with three panes
of glass & two air gapes. This type is known as tripple glazed units & are
used only in regions having extremely cold climate.
Characteristics of Insulating Glass :
Insulation : Saves on heating and cooling, by reducing air to air heat
transfer. The enclosed layer of air makes the insulating capability about
twice that of monolithic glass. Because of this, the load on the air conditioning is greatly reduced. 

The use of heat absorbing or heat reflective glass will further reduce the load on the cooling system.

Prevention of Dew Condensation : With monolithic glass, the temperature difference between the outside and
inside of a room will often lead to condensation. However, the insulating effect of the air layer makes it difficult
for the glass to become cold enough to have condensation on its surface giving a pleasant view through in rainy
or high humidity climates.
Retards Sound Transmission : Insulating glass can significantly save on exterior noise pollution. The amount
of sound reduction depends on the combination of the insulating glass. Using one of the panes as laminated
glass will drastically reduce sound transmission. Using dissimilar thickness of glass panes will also help combat
noise.
Pleasant Room Temperature : It offers increased personal comfort and aids in energy conservation. Because of
its high insulation properties, the lack of cold or warm droughts leads to a pleasant internal environment even
when seated close to a glass surface.
Strength : DGU glass will marginally increase the overall strength against wind load pressure.

Kaca Laminated (Laminated Glass)

Kaca laminated dihasilkan melalui proses laminasi dengan melekatkan dua lembar kaca biasa dan menggunakan polyvinil butiral film. Bilamana kaca tersebut pecah, pecahannya akan tetap melekat pada film tersebut. Polyvinil film yang digunakan untuk kaca laminated merupakan lembaran film yang transparan dan bebas dari perubahan warna, tidak memuai dan retak sehingga tidak mengurangi keindahan dan kejernihan dari kaca itu sendiri.

Kaca Laminated juga dapat ditempered.

1. Aman
Apabila sebuah benturan memecahkan kaca laminated pecahannya tidak akan melukai penggunanya.

2. Melindungi
Kaca laminasi menawarkan perlindungan lebih besar bagi orang dan properti dibandingkan produk kaca lainnya. Standar dua-konstruksi /lapis memberikan ketahanan terhadap penetrasi ketika mengalami serangan. Multi-lapis kaca dan film polyvinil desain dapat memberikan resistensi terhadap peluru, bom dan serangan yang kuat.

3. Pengontrol Suara
Kinerja kaca film membuat kaca laminated sangat efektif digunakan untuk mengontrol transmisi suara.

4. Kontrol solar energi
Polyvinil fim yang berwarna dapat mengurangi transmisi solar energi sehingga memberikan kesejukan. Kaca laminated juga mengurangi pantulan sinar matahari tanpa distorsi warna pandang, dan dengan warna warna film pilihan, kaca laminated memberikan ‘nilai tambah untuk desain.

5. Membatasi sinar ultra violet
Kemampuan daya tahan kaca laminated menyaring ultra violet, sangat membantu melindungi barang barang rumah tangga dari efek perubahan warna yang diakibatkan pengaruh radiasi ultra violet.

6. Penampilan struktur
Kaca laminated pada dasarnya memiliki penampilan struktur yang sama dengan kaca tunggal, yaitu memiliki kejernihan yang sempurna dan bebas dari perubahan warna.

7.Daya tahan terhadap pengaruh sinar, kelembaban dan panas
Kaca laminated mempunyai daya tahan terhadap sinar ultra violet, kelembaban dan suhu panas sehingga tidak akan ada perubahan warna, luntur dan tidak ada gelembung hawa pada polyvinil film.

8. Warna
Kaca laminated yang dibuat dari polyvinil film yang merupakan pigmen solid, tersedia dengan pilihan warna-warna menarik, dan bervariasi.

Laminated glass will hold together even when shattered

What is laminated glass?

An assembly consisting of one sheet of glass with one or more sheets of glass and/or plastics glazing sheet material joined together with one or more interlayers. The interlayer act as adhesive and separator between the plies of glass or plastics glazing sheet material. A laminated glass must comply with EN ISO 12543.

Types of laminated glass

Laminated safety glass

Laminated glass where in the case of breakage the interlayer serves to retain the glass fragments, limits the size of opening, offers residual resistance and reduces the risk of cutting or piercing injuries. The product must comply with EN ISO 12543-2 and be classified according to EN 12600.

Laminated security glass

This is a laminated glass that is designed to withstand a specified level of attack. The following types are available:-

Manual attack resistant laminated glass

This is designed to resist attack by means of an axe, crowbar, pickaxe, etc. and to delay access to a protected space for a short period of time. The performance is classified according to EN 356.

Bullet-resistant laminated glass

This is designed to provide protection against firearm attack. The performance is classified according to EN 1063.

Blast-resistant laminated glass

This is designed to reduce the injurious effects of accidental or intentional blast forces. The performance is classified according to EN 13024.

Fire resistant laminated glass

Laminated glass where at least one interlayer reacts to the high temperature to give the product its fire resistance. This product may also contain glass components that are themselves fire resistant.

Laminated glass with fire resistant properties

Laminated glass that does not achieve its fire resistance by means of interlayers which react to high temperatures but by incorporation of fire resistant glass plies.

Solar control laminated glass

This is laminated glass incorporating a body tinted and/or reflective float glass and/or a tinted interlay.

Acoustic laminated glass

This is a laminated glass incorporating a special interlayer that gives increased sound reduction properties

Use of laminated safety glass

This product can be used to glaze critical locations as well as balustrades and can be incorporated into overhead glazing.

Recommendations on the class of laminated safety glass to be used and the marking of the product is given in BS 6262-4:2005.

What you will learn…

• Laminated glazing products 

• Applications for laminated glass

• Benefits of laminated glass

• Designing with laminated glass

Laminated Glass is used in 

Various Window Types

• Curtain walls

• Ribbon Windows

• Store Fronts

• Punched or Architectural windows

• Overhead Glazing

• Handrails & Floors

• Specialty Applications

Most Common Application

• High Performance Glazing

– Commercial Buildings

– Airports & Ports

– Schools & Hospitals

– Courthouses & Federal Buildings

Cost Elements of LAG…

• Thickness of glass

• Glass Type

• Thickness of interlayer

• Special Interlayers

– acoustics

– color

• Glass treatment

– tinting

– coatings

• Type of framing Installation

Benefits of Laminated Glass (The 6 "S's")

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Kaca Tempered (Tempered Glass)

Why Tempered Glass is Safety Glass

The brittle nature of tempered glass causes it to shatter into small oval-shaped pebbles when broken. This eliminates the danger of sharp edges. Due to this property — along with its strength — tempered glass is often referred to as ‘safety glass.’

The thermal process that cures tempered glass also makes it heat-resistant. Tempered glass can be used in any situation where there is a danger of the glass breaking due to impact or extreme heat.

Kenapa Kaca Tempered disebut Kaca Yang Aman (Safety Glass)

Kaca Tempered sering digunakan ketika Kaca Biasa dapat menimbulkan potensi yang membahayakan ketika diaplikasikan.  Kaca Tempered memiliki kekuatan 4-5 kali lebih kuat dari kaca biasa dan tidak hancur/ pecah dalam pecahan besar.

Kaca Tempered diproduksi melalui proses pemanasan yang ekstrem dan pendinginan secara mendadak di kedua sisinya.  Secara signifikan Kaca Tempered sangat kuat dibandingkan dengan Kaca Biasa.

Karakteristik dari Kaca Tempered adalah ketika pecah berbentuk kecil-kecil seperti butiran jagung dan tumpul pada ujung-ujungnya.  Sehingga mengurangi tingkat bahaya dari pecahannya yang tajam.  Karena sifat inilah Kaca Tempered disebut 'Safety Glass'.

Proses pemanasan membuat Kaca Tempered tahan panas juga.  Kaca Tempered dapat digunakan pada berbagai situasi, dimana ada bahaya ketika kaca pecah yang atau panas yang ekstrim.

Disini di Jakarta Glass Works, Kami memiliki kapasitas untuk mengerjakan Kaca Tempered dengan berbagai ketebalan dan ukuran.

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Kaca Tempered (Tempered Glass)?

Kaca Tempered adalah kaca yang sangat kuat yang mengalami proses pemanasan sehingga menyebabkan kompresi tekanan di level 11000-20000 psi pada permukaan kacanya dan kompresi pada tepi kaca tidak lebih dari 9700 psi. 

Kaca yang sudah masuk mesin tempered tidak dapat dipotong, diubah, digosok bagian tepinya, dilobangi, dicowak, dll.  Semua proses itu dapat dilakukan sebelum kaca masuk ke dalam mesin tempered.

Process

Trutuf tempered glass is made on state-of-the-art, electrically heated horizontal furnaces, which heat the glass to an uniform temperature of approximately 700ºC. Ceramic rollers convey the glass through the furnace at speeds regulated to ensure temperature uniformity and minimal optical distortions. When the glass exits from the furnace, it is rapidly cooled by a series of air nozzles. This rapid cooling puts the glass surface into a state of compression, with the center core in tension. In the final stress distribution, the sum of the forces in compression equals the forces in tension.

Trutuf kaca tempered dibuat sebagai satu kesatuan, dimana aliran listrik mengalir pada tungku horisontal, yang memanaskan kaca pada suhu seragam 700 ° C.    Silider (rol) keramik memdorong kaca masuk ke dalam tungku panas pada kecepatan yang telah diatur untuk memastikan keseragaman suhu dan meminimalisirkan distorsi pada kaca.   Ketika kaca keluar dari tungku pemanasan, dengan segera didinginkan oleh serangkaian nozel/ pipa yang mengeluarkan angin pada kedua sisi kaca.   Proses pendinginan yang tiba-tiba ini menjadikan permukaan kaca dalam keadaan kompresi (termampatkan), dimana inti pusat kaca dalam keadaan tegang.   Pada akhir pendistribusian tekanan pada kaca, jumlah yang dimampatkan sama dengan pada tekanannya.

Tempered glass gains its added strength from these compressed surfaces. However, if the surface is penetrated by a scratch or an impact, the glass will break into a number of small particles. The heat treatment process for toughening glass requires that all fabrication be completed prior to toughening. Any attempt to cut, drill, grind or sand blast the glass after toughening may result in glass breakage. The surface hardness is not changed by the heat treatment process. The glass surface after heat treatment will have the same resistance to surface damage as annealed glass. Tempering process does not change in any way the light transmission and solar radiant heat properties of glass.

Kaca Tempered bertambah kuat karena permukaan kaca yang terkompresikan (termampatkan).  Namun, jika permukaan kaca tersebut terdapat penetrasi goresan (scratch) yang dalam, maka sewaktu-waktu kaca tersebut dapat pecah menjadi pecahan kecil-kecil (yang disebut pecahan jagung).   Semua proses untuk membuat Kaca Tempered harus dilakukan terlebih dahulu sebelum kaca dipanaskan.   Semua percobaan untuk memotong, melubangi, menggosok, ataupun sandblast ketika kaca sudah dipanaskan akan menyebabkan kaca tersebut pecah.   Permukaan kaca yang keras itu membuat kaca tidak dapat diproses lagi.   Permukaan kaca yang telah melewati proses pemanasan akan menghambat kerusakan kaca, tidak seperti kaca biasa.

Characteristics

• High Thermal Shock Strength : Can with stand temperature differentials upto 250ºC.
• Safety : Tempered Glass is very difficult to break but even on
  breakage, it will break into small, relatively harmless fragments. This
  substantially reduces the likelihood of injury to people as there are no
  jagged edges or sharp corners which are normal in the case of
  breakage of annealed glass. Due to the inherent superior features of
  Tempered Glass, like more strength, ability to withstand sudden impacts and breaking into small pieces, it is
  considered as a safety glazing and so in most countries, use of Architectural Toughened Glass is mandatory for
  entrances in public areas or where it is to be used by general public.
• Light and Heat transmission properties : Do not change due to tempering and remain the same as in unprocessed glass unless laminated or double glazed.
• Alterations : Tempered glass cannot be further cut,  ground, drilled or worked upon. All these processes are completed prior to its tempering, in accordance with the drawings, sizes or templates.
• Strength : Toughened (or Tempered Glass) is four to five times stronger
  than its equivalent thickness of normal annealed float or sheet glass.
• Others : The Tempering process on normal glass does not alter the light transmission and solar radiant heat
  properties of the glass. Tempered glass cannot be further cut, ground, drilled or worked upon. Tempered Glass
  is prepared by completing prior to its tempering, all such works in accordance with drawings, sizes or
  templates.

All applications, where strength and safety are the key requirements like -

• Curtain walls and structural glazing
• Bolted structural glazing
• Doors and Partitions
• Large windows
• Shower installations
• Squash courts
• Furniture
• Automobiles and Railways
• Kitchen appliances
• Lighting fixtures
• Ships and boats
• Fire knockout windows
• Solar Panels
• Fireplace Screens

Precautions

• Alteration : Tempered glass cannot be cut or drilled after tempering. Any field alterations, including edge grinding, sand blasting or acid etching can cause premature failure.
• Strain Pattern : A common characteristics of all tempered glass is a strain pattern sometimes referred to as “iridescence”. This strain pattern is visible under certain lighting conditions and when the tempered glass is viewed at sharp angles. The strain pattern is inherent in the tempering process and is not considered a defect.
• Spontaneous Breakage : Tempered glass is more prone to spontaneous breakage than annealed or heat strengthened glass. Spontaneous breakage can result from impact damage, weld splatter, windblown debris and internal inclusions.
• Distortions : As can be expected with any heat treated glass, bow, warp and roller waves are inherent characteristics of the tempering process. These are maintained and guaranteed to be within the limits set by ASTM Standard C-1048 or DIN 1249
• Critical Applications : Tempered glass as monolithic or single glass should not be used for certain critical applications like - overhead glazing or railings with risk of fall.
  

Availability

Tempered glass (also known as toughened glass) is an extremely strong
glass which has been thermally heat treated to induce compressive
stresses of 10,000 to 20,000 psi on the surfaces and edge compression of
not less than 9700 psi.
Tempered glass is being used increasingly in architecture because of its
strength and safety properties. It is usually installed in areas where
safety glass is required to reduce the possibility of mechanical or
thermal breakage and/ or to assure greater uniform load strength.
Worldwide the use of Tempered glass or Safety glass in general has
been mandated by building codes. These codes are also made for India
and are in the process of being mandated.
Cut to size glass sheets are electrically heated in the furnace where it
oscillates back and forth on rollers till glass reaches temperature of about
650°C. After heating, the glass is conveyed to a quenching chamber
where it is cooled rapidly by a blast of air, blown through nozzles, on
both sides of the glass.